Bouhram, M., Klecker, B., Miyake, W., Rème, H., Sauvaud, J.-A., Malingre, M., Kistler, L., and Blăgău, A.: On the altitude dependence of transversely heated O+ distributions in the cusp/cleft, Ann. Geophys., 22, 1787–1798,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-1787-2004, 2004.
a
Burch, J. L.: Rate of erosion of dayside magnetic flux based on a quantitative
study of the dependence of polar cusp latitude on the interplanetary magnetic
field, Radio Sci., 8, 955–961,
https://doi.org/10.1029/RS008i011p00955,
1973.
a,
b,
c
Chappell, C. R., Moore, T. E., and Waite Jr., J. H.: The ionosphere as a fully
adequate source of plasma for the Earth's magnetosphere, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 92, 5896–5910,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA06p05896,
1987.
a
Chappell, C. R., Giles, B. L., Moore, T. E., Delcourt, D. C., Craven, P. D.,
and Chandler, M. O.: The adequacy of the ionospheric source in supplying
magnetospheric plasma, J. Atmos. So.-Terr. Phys.,
62, 421–436,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00021-3,
2000.
a
Ebihara, Y., Yamada, M., Watanabe, S., and Ejiri, M.: Fate of outflowing
suprathermal oxygen ions that originate in the polar ionosphere, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 111, A04219,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011403,
2006.
a,
b
Engwall, E., Eriksson, A. I., Cully, C. M., André, M., Puhl-Quinn, P. A., Vaith, H., and Torbert, R.: Survey of cold ionospheric outflows in the magnetotail, Ann. Geophys., 27, 3185–3201,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3185-2009, 2009.
a
ESA: Cluster EDI and CODIF data, available at:
https://csa.esac.esa.int/csa-web/#search, last access: 2019. a
Escoubet, C. P., Fehringer, M., and Goldstein, M.: Introduction
The Cluster mission, Ann. Geophys., 19, 1197–1200,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-1197-2001, 2001.
a
Georgescu, E., Puhl-Quinn, P., Vaith, H., Chutter, M., Quinn, J., Paschmann,
G., and Torbert, R.: EDI Data Products in the Cluster Active Archive, The
Cluster Active Archive, Studying the Earth's Space Plasma Environment, Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, 83–95,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3499-1_5, 2010.
a
Gillies, D. M., St.-Maurice, J.-P., McWilliams, K. A., and Milan, S.:
Global-scale observations of ionospheric convec
tion variation in response to
sudden increases in the solar wind dynamic pressure, J. Geophys.
Res.-Sp. Phys., 117, A04209,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017255,
2012.
a
Glocer, A., Tóth, G., Gombosi, T., and Welling, D.: Modeling ionospheric
outflows and their impact on the magnetosphere, initial results, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 114, A05216,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014053,
2009.
a
Grigorenko, E. E., Hoshino, M., Hirai, M., Mukai, T., and Zelenyi, L. M.:
“Geography” of ion acceleration in the magnetotail: X-line versus current
sheet effects, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 114, A03203,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013811,
2009.
a
Gustafsson, G., Boström, R., Holback, B., Holmgren, G., Lundgren, A.,
Stasiewicz, K., Åhlén, L., Mozer, F. S., Pankow, D., Harvey, P.,
Berg, P., Ulrich, R., Pedersen, A., Schmidt, R., Butler, A., Fransen, A.
W. C., Klinge, D., Thomsen, M., Fälthammar, C.-G., Lindqvist, P.-A.,
Christenson, S., Holtet, J., Lybekk, B., Sten, T. A., Tanskanen, P.,
Lappalainen, K., and Wygant, J.: The electric field and wave experiment for
the cluster mission, Space Sci. Rev., 79, 137–156,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004975108657,
1997.
a
Haaland, S., Eriksson, A., Engwall, E., Lybekk, B., Nilsson, H., Pedersen, A.,
Svenes, K., André, M., Förster, M., Li, K., Johnsen, C., and
Østgaard, N.: Estimating the capture and loss of cold plasma from
ionospheric outflow, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 117, A07311,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017679,
2012.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e
Haaland, S. E., Paschmann, G., Förster, M., Quinn, J. M., Torbert, R. B., McIlwain, C. E., Vaith, H., Puhl-Quinn, P. A., and Kletzing, C. A.: High-latitude plasma convection from Cluster EDI measurements: method and IMF-dependence, Ann. Geophys., 25, 239–253,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-239-2007, 2007.
a,
b
King, J. H. and Papitashvili, N. E.: Solar wind spatial scales in and
comparisons of hourly Wind and ACE plasma and magnetic field data, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 110,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010649,
2005.
a
Kistler, L. M., Mouikis, C. G., Klecker, B., and Dandouras, I.: Cusp as a
source for oxygen in the plasma sheet during geomagnetic storms, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 115, A03209,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014838,
2010.
a
Kitamura, N., Ogawa, Y., Nishimura, Y., Terada, N., Ono, T., Shinbori, A.,
Kumamoto, A., Truhlik, V., and Smilauer, J.: Solar zenith angle dependence
of plasma density and temperature in the polar cap ionosphere and
low-altitude magnetosphere during geomagnetically quiet periods at solar
maximum, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 116, A08227,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016631,
2011.
a
Laakso, H. and Grard, R.: The electron density distribution in the polar cap:
Its variability with seasons, and its response to magnetic activity, in:
Space Weather Study Using Multipoint Techniques, edited by: Lyu, L.-H.,
vol. 12 of
COSPAR Colloquia Series, 193–202, Pergamon,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-2749(02)80218-9,
2002.
a
Lennartsson, O. W., Collin, H. L., and Peterson, W. K.: Solar wind control of
Earth's H+ and O+ outflow rates in the 15-eV to 33-keV energy range, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 109, A12212,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010690,
2004.
a,
b,
c,
d
Li, K., Haaland, S., Eriksson, A., André, M., Engwall, E., Wei, Y.,
Kronberg, E. A., Fränz, M., Daly, P. W., Zhao, H., and Ren, Q. Y.: On
the ionospheric source region of cold ion outflow, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 39, L18102,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053297,
2012.
a,
b,
c
Liao, J., Kistler, L., Mouikis, C., Klecker, B., Dandouras, I., and Zhang,
J.-C.: Statistical study of O+ transport from the cusp to the lobes with
Cluster CODIF data, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 115, A00J15,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015613,
2010.
a
Lindstedt, T., Khotyaintsev, Y. V., Vaivads, A., André, M., Nilsson, H.,
and Waara, M.: Oxygen energization by localized perpendicular electric
fields at the cusp boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09103,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043117,
2010.
a
Lockwood, M., Waite Jr., J. H., Moore, T. E., Johnson, J. F. E., and
Chappell, C. R.: A new source of suprathermal O+ ions near the dayside polar
cap boundary, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 90,
4099–4116,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA090iA05p04099,
1985.
a,
b
NASA: OMNI data, available at:
https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov, last access: 2019. a
Newell, P. T. and Meng, C.-I.: Cusp width and Bz : Observations and a
conceptual model, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 92,
13673–13678,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA12p13673,
1987.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h
Nilsson, H., Yamauchi, M., Eliasson, L., Norberg, O., and Clemmons, J.:
Ionospheric signature of the cusp as seen by incoherent scatter radar,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 101, 10947–10963,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JA03341,
1996.
a
Nilsson, H., Waara, M., Arvelius, S., Marghitu, O., Bouhram, M., Hobara, Y., Yamauchi, M., Lundin, R., Rème, H., Sauvaud, J.-A., Dandouras, I., Balogh, A., Kistler, L. M., Klecker, B., Carlson, C. W., Bavassano-Cattaneo, M. B., and Korth, A.: Characteristics of high altitude oxygen ion energization and outflow as observed by Cluster: a statistical study, Ann. Geophys., 24, 1099–1112,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-1099-2006, 2006.
a,
b
Nilsson, H., Waara, M., Marghitu, O., Yamauchi, M., Lundin, R., Rème, H., Sauvaud, J.-A., Dandouras, I., Lucek, E., Kistler, L. M., Klecker, B., Carlson, C. W., Bavassano-Cattaneo, M. B., and Korth, A.: An assessment of the role of the centrifugal acceleration mechanism in high altitude polar cap oxygen ion outflow, Ann. Geophys., 26, 145–157,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-145-2008, 2008.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
Nilsson, H., Engwall, E., Eriksson, A., Puhl-Quinn, P. A., and Arvelius, S.: Centrifugal acceleration in the magnetotail lobes, Ann. Geophys., 28, 569–576,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-569-2010, 2010.
a,
b,
c
Nilsson, H., Barghouthi, I. A., Slapak, R., Eriksson, A. I., and André,
M.: Hot and cold ion outflow: Spatial distribution of ion heating, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 117, A11201,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017974,
2012.
a
Norqvist, P., André, M., Eliasson, L., Eriksson, A. I., Blomberg, L., Lühr,
H., and Clemmons, J. H.: Ion cyclotron heating in the dayside magnetosphere,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 101, 13179–13193,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JA03596,
1996.
a
Ogawa, Y., Fujii, R., Buchert, S. C., Nozawa, S., and Ohtani, S.: Simultaneous EISCAT Svalbard radar and DMSP observations of ion upflow in the dayside polar ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1101,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009590,
2003.
a
Paschmann, G., Melzner, F., Frenzel, R., Vaith, H., Parigger, P., Pagel, U.,
Bauer, O. H., Haerendel, G., Baumjohann, W., Scopke, N., Torbert, R. B.,
Briggs, B., Chan, J., Lynch, K., Morey, K., Quinn, J. M., Simpson, D., Young,
C., Mcilwain, C. E., Fillius, W., Kerr, S. S., Mahieu, R., and Whipple,
E. C.: The electron drift instrument for cluster, Space Sci. Rev.,
79, 233–269,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004917512774,
1997.
a
Paschmann, G., Quinn, J. M., Torbert, R. B., Vaith, H., McIlwain, C. E., Haerendel, G., Bauer, O. H., Bauer, T., Baumjohann, W., Fillius, W., Förster, M., Frey, S., Georgescu, E., Kerr, S. S., Kletzing, C. A., Matsui, H., Puhl-Quinn, P., and Whipple, E. C.: The Electron Drift Instrument on Cluster: overview of first results, Ann. Geophys., 19, 1273–1288,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-1273-2001, 2001.
a
Quinn, J. M., Paschmann, G., Torbert, R. B., Vaith, H., McIlwain, C. E., Haerendel, G., Bauer, O., Bauer, T. M., Baumjohann, W., Fillius, W., Foerster, M., Frey, S., Georgescu, E., Kerr, S. S., Kletzing, C. A., Matsui, H., Puhl-Quinn, P., and Whipple, E. C.: Cluster EDI convection measurements across the high-latitude plasma sheet boundary at midnight, Ann. Geophys., 19, 1669–1681,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-1669-2001, 2001.
a
Rème, H., Bosqued, J. M., Sauvaud, J. A., Cros, A., Dandouras, J., Aoustin,
C., Bouyssou, J., Camus, T., Cuvilo, J., Martz, C., Médale, J. L.,
Perrier, H., Romefort, D., Rouzaud, J., d'Uston, C., Möbius, E., Crocker,
K., Granoff, M., Kistler, L. M., Popecki, M., Hovestadt, D., Klecker, B.,
Paschmann, G., Scholer, M., Carlson, C. W., Curtis, D. W., Lin, R. P.,
McFadden, J. P., Formisano, V., Amata, E., Bavassano-Cattaneo, M. B.,
Baldetti, P., Belluci, G., Bruno, R., Chionchio, G., Di Lellis, A., Shelley,
E. G., Ghielmetti, A. G., Lennartsson, W., Korth, A., Rosenbauer, H., Lundin,
R., Olsen, S., Parks, G. K., McCarthy, M., and Balsiger, H.: The Cluster Ion
Spectrometry (CIS) Experiment, 303–350, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5666-0_12,
1997.
a
Seki, K., Elphic, R. C., Hirahara, M., Terasawa, T., and Mukai, T.: On
Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes,
Science, 291, 1939–1941,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058913,
2001.
a,
b,
c
Seki, K., Elphic, R. C., Thomsen, M. F., Bonnell, J., McFadden, J. P., Lund,
E. J., Hirahara, M., Terasawa, T., and Mukai, T.: A new perspective on
plasma supply mechanisms to the magnetotail from a statistical comparison of
dayside mirroring O+ at low altitudes with lobe/mantle beams, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sp. Phys., 107, SMP 7-1–SMP 7-12,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900122,
2002.
a
Shue, J.-H., Song, P., Russell, C., Steinberg, J., Chao, J., Zastenker, G.,
Vaisberg, O., Kokubun, S., Singer, H., Detman, T. R., and Kawano, H.: Magnetopause
location under extreme solar wind conditions, J. Geophys.
Res.-Sp. Phys., 103, 17691–17700, 1998. a
Slapak, R. and Nilsson, H.: The oxygen ion circulation in the outer terrestrial
magnetosphere and its dependence on geomagnetic activity, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 45, 12669–12676,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079816, 2018.
a
Slapak, R., Nilsson, H., Waara, M., André, M., Stenberg, G., and Barghouthi, I. A.: O
+ heating associated with strong wave activity in the high altitude cusp and mantle, Ann. Geophys., 29, 931–944,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-931-2011, 2011.
a
Slapak, R., Schillings, A., Nilsson, H., Yamauchi, M., Westerberg, L.-G., and Dandouras, I.: Atmospheric loss from the dayside open polar region and its dependence on geomagnetic activity: implications for atmospheric escape on evolutionary timescales, Ann. Geophys., 35, 721–731,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-721-2017, 2017.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i,
j,
k
Tsyganenko, N. and Sitnov, M.: Modeling the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere
during strong geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp.
Phys., 110, A03208,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010798, 2005.
a
Tsyganenko, N. A. and Stern, D. P.: Modeling the global magnetic field of the
large-scale Birkeland current systems, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp.
Phys., 101, 27187–27198,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA02735,
1996.
a
Waara, M., Nilsson, H., Stenberg, G., André, M., Gunell, H., and Rème, H.: Oxygen ion energization observed at high altitudes, Ann. Geophys., 28, 907–916,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-907-2010, 2010.
a
Waara, M., Slapak, R., Nilsson, H., Stenberg, G., André, M., and Barghouthi, I. A.: Statistical evidence for O
+ energization and outflow caused by wave-particle interaction in the high altitude cusp and mantle, Ann. Geophys., 29, 945–954,
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-945-2011, 2011.
a
Yau, A. W., Shelley, E. G., Peterson, W. K., and Lenchyshyn, L.: Energetic
auroral and polar ion outflow at DE 1 altitudes: Magnitude, composition,
magnetic activity dependence, and long-term variations, J. Geophys. Res.-Sp.
Phys., 90, 8417–8432,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JA090iA09p08417,
1985.
a
