GREEN (Global Radiation Earth ENvironment) is a new model providing particle fluxes at any location in the radiation belts, for energy between 1 keV and 10 MeV for electrons and between 1 keV and 800 MeV for protons. This model is composed of global models (AE8 and AP8, and SPM) and local models (SLOT model, OZONE and IGE-2006 for electrons; OPAL and IGP for protons).

The Earth's magnetic field creates a magnetic bulk all around it called the magnetosphere. This bulk a priori protects us from the particles coming from the sun but sometimes undergoes violent events such as interplanetary coronal mass ejections. These cause the entry of particles into the magnetosphere, which can be harmful for satellites. In this paper, we performed a statistical study to characterize the interplanetary coronal mass ejections and their ability to disturb the magnetosphere.

Spacecraft observations show that energetic ions are found in the Earth’s magnetotail, with energies ranging from tens of keV to a few hundreds of keV. In this paper we carry out test particle simulations in which protons and other ion species are injected in the Vlasov magnetic field configurations obtained by Catapano et al. (2015). Three-dimensional time-dependent stochastic electromagnetic perturbations are included in the simulation box, so that the ion acceleration process is studied.