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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ANGEO</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Annales Geophysicae</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ANGEO</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1432-0576</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/angeo-30-667-2012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>External triggering of substorms identified using modern optical versus geosynchronous particle data</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gallardo-Lacourt</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nishimura</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lyons</surname>
<given-names>L. R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Donovan</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>667</fpage>
<lpage>673</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.ann-geophys.net/30/667/2012/angeo-30-667-2012.html">This article is available from http://www.ann-geophys.net/30/667/2012/angeo-30-667-2012.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.ann-geophys.net/30/667/2012/angeo-30-667-2012.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.ann-geophys.net/30/667/2012/angeo-30-667-2012.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Previous works on substorm triggering have shown that more than 50% of the
substorms are triggered by a northward turning of the IMF &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;; However,
recent studies have found a much lower percentage. We have examined
triggering using three different onset lists: The THEMIS All Sky Image (ASI)
list, substorm onsets from IMAGE-FUV, and events with large geosynchronous
injections. We analyzed these onset lists with three different triggering
criteria: (1) a criteria based on Lyons et al. criteria; (2) a relaxation of
the Lyons et al. criteria based on the visual criteria proposed by Hsu et
al.; and (3) a further relaxation of the Lyons et al. criteria, requiring
the same conditions proposed in the visual criteria by Hsu et al. but
without the growth phase southward IMF requirements. Appling the Lyons et
al. criteria we find that only 17% and 22% of the substorms are
triggered in the THEMIS ASIs and IMAGE-FUV onset lists respectively,
consistent with the recent studies. However, the percentage reached nearly
50% when we applied relaxed criteria, suggesting that it is possible that
the Lyons et al. criteria are too strict to identify all IMF triggered
events. The triggering percentage for the events with large injections
reached up to 60% applying the relaxed criteria, a result suggesting the
possibility that triggers are more easily identified, or that triggering is
more common for larger than for smaller substorm events. We have also found
evidence that larger substorms may be more likely to be non-triggered under
mostly southward IMF conditions than for other IMF conditions.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="7"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
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</back>
</article>