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Ann. Geophys., 23, 3149-3161, 2005
www.ann-geophys.net/23/3149/2005/
© European Geosciences Union 2005
Solar weather monitoring
J.-F. Hochedez, A. Zhukov, E. Robbrecht, R. Van der Linden, D. Berghmans, P. Vanlommel, A. Theissen, and F. Clette
Royal Observatory of Belgium, Circular Avenue 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
Abstract. Space Weather nowcasting and forecasting require solar observations because
geoeffective disturbances can arise from three types of solar phenomena:
coronal mass ejections (CMEs), flares and coronal holes. For each, we discuss
their definition and review their precursors in terms of remote sensing and
in-situ observations. The objectives of Space Weather require some
specific instrumental features, which we list using the experience gained
from the daily operations of the Solar Influences Data analysis Centre (SIDC)
at the Royal Observatory of Belgium. Nowcasting requires real-time monitoring
to assess quickly and reliably the severity of any potentially geoeffective
solar event. Both research and forecasting could incorporate more
observations in order to feed case studies and data assimilation
respectively. Numerical models will result in better predictions of
geomagnetic storms and solar energetic particle (SEP) events. We review the
data types available to monitor solar activity and interplanetary conditions.
They come from space missions and ground observatories and range from
sequences of dopplergrams, magnetograms, white-light, chromospheric, coronal,
coronagraphic and radio images, to irradiance and in-situ time-series.
Their role is summarized together with indications about current and future
solar monitoring instruments.
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